Which processes are designed to create tonal effects in printmaking?

The processes that focus on creating tonal effects in printmaking include mezzotint, aquatint, and stipple. Mezzotint is a technique that involves roughening the printing plate to create areas of different tones, with the potential for deep, rich blacks and subtle transitions to lighter shades. This method allows for meticulous gradation of tones, making it particularly suited for creating soft, gradated images.

Aquatint also contributes to tonal effects by using a powdered resin that is adhered to the plate and then acid-etched to create areas of varying tone. This technique allows for a range of tonalities, from light washes to dark shadows, which can closely mimic watercolor effects.

Stipple, on the other hand, uses small dots to create texture and shading. Artists can control the density and spacing of the dots to produce intricate tonal variations that add depth and dimension to the print.

Together, these processes are essential in printmaking for artists seeking to achieve detailed tonal qualities, which enhances the visual impact of their work.